![]() ![]() As part of ongoing work to revise the genera of Nearctic Apameini and placing Neotropical genera into a systematic framework, examination of the genus Trachea Ochsenheimer revealed that few, if any, of the Neotropical species truly belong to this Holarctic genus, and led to the surprising find that "Trachea" altivolans belongs to the Apameini. 2013), and the circumscription of entirely new subfamilies such as Cobubathinae and Cropiinae (Keegan et al. 2021), the equally odd Vespola Walker group of genera related to Bagisarinae (Zahiri et al. Exceptions include recent molecular studies that have incorporated a limited number of Neotropical genera, nonetheless making significant inroads to clarifying the major Noctuidae lineages present in the Neotropics, such as the discovery of the basal subfamily Dyopsinae and its bizarre constituent genera (Zahiri et al. Despite the limited diversity of Neotropical Noctuidae, their taxonomy and systematic composition remains poorly known, essentially unchanged from the time of Hampson's (1898Hampson's ( -1913 artificial classification (for a review of historic changes to noctuid classification, see Mitchell et al. We conclude with discussion of instances where current understanding of noctuid biogeography and life histories were changed by our results. Dyopsinae Eviridemas and Gloanna to Bryophilinae Fota and Stilbia to Stiriinae and Copibryophila, Homolagoa, and Tyta to Noctuidae incertae sedis. ![]() Other nomenclatural changes we made are as follows. and Cropiinae Keegan & Wagner, 2021 subf. Our results supported recognition of two new subfamilies: Cobubathinae Wagner & Keegan, 2021 subf. We significantly alter concepts of Acontiinae, Condicinae, Eustrotiinae, Metoponiinae, and Stiriinae. We evaluated 17 subfamily-level taxa in detail, discussing adult and larval morphology, life histories, and taxonomic implications of our results. We inferred a phylogeny using eight protein-coding genes for the global fauna, greatly expanding upon previous attempts to stabilize Noctuidae higher classification by sampling 341 genera (nearly half represented by their type species) representing 70/76 widely recognized family-group taxa: 20/21 subfamilies, 32/35 tribes, and 18/20 subtribes. Noctuidae are one of the world's most diverse, ecologically successful, and economically important animal lineages with over 12,000 species in ~1,150 genera.
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